Development of cost-effective phasor measurement unit for wide area monitoring system applications

Sustained growth in the demand with unprecedented investments in the transmission infrastructure resulted in narrow operational margins for power system operators across the globe. As a result, power networks are operating near to stability limits. This has demanded the electrical utilities to explore new avenues for control and protection of wide area systems. Present supervisory control and data acquisition/energy management systems (SCADA/EMS) can only facilitate steady state model of the network, whereas synchrophasor measurements with GPS time stamp from wide area can provide dynamic view of power grid that enables supervision, and protection of power network and allow the operator to take necessary control/remedial measures in the new regime of grid operations. Construction of phasor measurement unit (PMU) that provide synchrophasors for the assessment of system state is widely accepted as an essential component for the successful execution of wide area monitoring system (WAMS) applications. Commercial PMUs comes with many constraints such as cost, proprietary hardware designs and software. All these constraints have limited the deployment of PMUs at high voltage transmission systems alone. This paper addresses the issues by developing a cost-effective PMU with open-source hardware, which can be easily modified as per the requirements of the applications. The proposed device is tested with IEEE standards

ANN Based Current Controller for Hybrid Electric Vehicles

The use of Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) across the world is growing enormously every day. The single-phase bi-directional convertors are presented in this study for HEVs on-board charging(OBC). In HEVs, we use power electronics converters for the converting and inverting operations. Artificial Neural Network(ANN) is presented in this study for simple operation and high optimization approaches. ANN control technique regulates the system's THD and enhances charging system optimization, enables two-way power delivery that is from the grid to vehicle and the vehicle to grid. An ANN based current controller model that achieves fast-dynamic reaction and that improves grid current harmonic characteristics is proposed in this study. The system's THD is reduced by the ANN controller being suggested. The results prove the validity and feasibility of design and control technique of the proposed integrated charging system

Development and Validation of a lc-ms/ms Method for the Determination of Raltegravir in Sprague Dawley Rat Serum and Its Application to Pharmacokinetic Study

Abstract A novel bio-analytical method was developed and validated for the quantitative determination of raltegravir in rat serum by using the liquid-liquid extraction chromatography and tandem mass spectrometric detection (HPLC-MS/MS). Separation of raltegravir from the endogenous substances is achieved after liquid-liquid extraction by using HPLC-MS/MS system. Raltegravir was eluted in isocratic mode with acetonitrile, methanol and 0.1% acetic acid in water ( 40:30:30) at a flow-rate of 0.5 mL/min on Waters, Exterra C18, 50*4.6 mm, 5µm particle size column. Didanosine was used as the internal standard. The liquid-liquid extraction recovery was found 70% indicates good recovery. The validation results demonstrated that the present method was found to be precise and accurate. The stability tests indicated that the raltegravir in rat serum is stable for three freeze-thaw cycles at both -20 ºC and -70 ºC, 18-h ambient storage, 15-day frozen storage at both -20 ºC and -70 ºC. The results also showed no significant matrix effect (<6.2%). The present method was found to be sensitive and selective at very low levels of linearity range 1-1000 ng/mL, based on a sample volume of 50 µL, with a linear correlation coefficient of ≥ 0.99. The validated method has been successfully applied to support a preclinical pharmacokinetic study

IOT based solar energy prophecy using RNN architecture

It is the 21st century and scientists say that by the end of this century, resources will be replenished and the only way the future generations can access energy is through renewable resources— those which are inexhaustible. One such source is sunlight, which has a guaranteed stay in the long run. The energy thus given is termed as solar energy. In the present paper it is tried to solve the issue of limited resources and their adverse effects. Since the power generated from solar energy systems is highly variable, due to its dependence on meteorological conditions, an efficient method of usage of this fluctuating but precious energy source has to come in picture. This requires the scope of reliable forecast information as the development of predictive control algorithms for efficient energy management and monitoring for residential grid connected photovoltaic systems. The paper has given an overview of different applications and models for solar irradiance and photovoltaic power prediction, including time series models based on live measured data from rooftop solar power plant located at 17.5203° N, 78.3674° E. For experimentation, data collected over four years from the solar power plant was used in order to the train machine and understand the characteristics of the solar power plant and gives the predicted energy as the result. The use of Deep Learning is done where LSTM is used for the training and keras and tensorflow are used for obtaining the result. The mean square error thus obtained is 0.015

Determination of Sb(V), As(V), Os(VIII), Ir(IV) & TI(III) with iron(II) using thiazine dyes as redox indicators

197-198The use of thiazine dyes as redox indicators in the determination of antimony(V), arsenic(V), osmium(VIII) iridium(IV) and thallium(III) with iron(II) in phosphoric acid medium has been investigated. The methods of determination of arsenic in some organic arsenicals and analysis of binary mixtures containing Sb(V) As(V) employing thiazine dyes as indicators have also been suggested

Variation of physico-chemical characteristics with tide in Visakhapatnam Harbour waters, east coast of India

218-222Variations in physico-chemical parameters (DO, BOD, NO2, SiO4, PO4 suspended solids, salinity and currents) observed in the waters of main channel of Visakhapatnam Harbour over a tidal cycle in different seasons from February 1982 to January 1983 are presented. In general, tidal variations in these parameters in surface waters show increasing trend during flood tide and decreasing trend during ebb tide. However, the nutrient concentrations at st C (entrance channel) show the reverse trend. The wide fluctuations in physico-chemical parameters at st A (northwestern arm) may be attributed to the closeness of the station of the discharge point of industrial pollutants. No significant variation is found during a tidal cycle in bottom water. Variations in wind during different seasons influence the current speeds in addition to tide in the Visakhapatnam Harbour. The net cross sectional discharges through the mouth of harbour into the sea during premonsoon, monsoon and postmonsoon seasons are 26.51, 47.30 and 19.64 m3 S-1 respectively

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Not AvailableThe experiment was conducted to study the effect of feeding diets with quality protein maize (QPM) along with cottonseed meal (CSM) and guar meal (GM) on nutrient utilization, body weight (BW) gain (BWG), feed efficiency, and antioxidant status in broiler chickens. The biological trial was conducted on day-old broiler chicks (n = 240), which were randomly distributed into 6 dietary groups having 8 replicates with 5 chicks. Six experimental diets were formulated to contain maize (diet I), QPM(diet II), maize+CSM80 g/kg +GM40 g/kg (diet III), maize + CSM120 g/kg + GM60 g/kg (diet IV), QPM+CSM80 g/kg +GM40 g/kg (diet V), and QPM+CSM120 g/kg + GM60g/kg (diet VI). The BWG and feed intake were recorded at weekly intervals. Supplementation of CSM and GM along with QPM or maize depressed (P < 0.05) BWG, feed conversion ratio, and slaughter variables in commercial broilers. Improvement of BWG and breast weight was recorded among the groups supplemented 80 g/kg CSM and 40 g/kg GM with a QPM-based diet compared with those groups fed 120 g/kg CSM and 60 g/kg GM with maize or QPM. The energy and protein utilization decreased among the groups supplemented CSMand GM. However, protein and energy utilization was increased (P < 0.05) among the groups fed QPM-based diets compared with those groups fed CSM and GMwith maize or QPM. Therefore, it has been concluded that the performance and other parameters did not differ between the groups fed maize- and QPM-based diets in the present experiment. However, QPMwith CSMand GMimproved the performance, slaughter parameters, and nutrient utilization over CSM and GM with maize.ICA

Integrating Aerial Electric Vehicles for Sustainable Agriculture and to Optimize the Overhead Cost of Farming

India is a country whose roots are buried deep in agriculture. The livelihood of about 58% of the population depends on farming. Yet technological progress in the country’s agricultural practices is lacking. The growing technology and increased demand for agriculture calls for the incorporation of technology into sustainable agriculture. The proposed work, therefore aimed at building a drone to serve this purpose. The rapid growth of the Electric Vehicle (EV) market and India’s aim to shift to the complete use of EVs by the year 2023 demand a paradigm shift in the agriculture sector. The use of aerial electric vehicles would be an impeccable execution of EVs in agriculture, serving a vast set of functions. The proposed work focuses on one specific application: remote spraying of pesticides in an efficient way so that the overhead costs of farming are reduced. The harmful effects of exposure to pesticides are eminent. Farmers who take it upon themselves to spray these pesticides are at risk of contracting a wide range of health adversities and deadly chronic diseases. As a solution to this imminent need, it is proposed to design a drone to spray pesticides according to the requirement, as directed by the farmer. The Agriculture Drone has a hexagonal structure controlled using BLDC motors and Electronic Speed Controllers (ESCs). For flight control, Pixhawk 2.4.6 is used. It is equipped with a GPS module that can track the location of the drone and plan its mission. The drone operates on autopilot and requires no manual control for flight. Specific coordinates are given to the Drone so that it moves along the given coordinates for its flight using the software ‘Mission Planner.’ The designed drone has a removable tank for the storage of pesticides, which is placed under the landing gear. The tank has a spraying system that operates on the instructions of the farmer, which are given to the drone using a Radio transmitter

Energy Restriction in Broiler Breeders during Rearing and Laying Periods and its Influence on Body Weight Gain, Conversion Efficiency of Nutrients, Egg Production and Hatchability

The effect of feeding measured energy (ME) allowances during rearing and laying periods on body weight (BW) gain, production performance and hatchability were evaluated in a female broiler parent line. In grower period (5-20wk), ME required for maintenance, activity and growth was calculated targeting 100g increases in BW/week in control (C) group. In another group, ME was quantitatively reduced by 20% (R) over C. Both groups were offered measured quantity of grower diet to satisfy the scheduled energy inputs. At 21 weeks, C and R groups were individually sub-grouped into four each, to either restrict energy severely (S-20%), moderately (M-10%) or increase (E-10%) over control. Thus, 8 sub-groups were formed: CS, CM, CC, CE and RS, RM, RC, RR. The CC and RC sub-groups were offered calculated ME for 50g increase in BW/week and anticipated egg production. Measured amount of breeder diet was offered to each sub-group following energy schedule. At 20 weeks, significant increase in BW was observed in C-group with better conversion efficiency of feed, energy and protein compared to R-group. The R-group had lesser abdominal fat and liver weights, higher muscle protein and lower fat than C-group. Breeders in R-group matured late by 7.7 days, but produced significantly more eggs with better-feed efficiency up to 64 weeks than C-group. In laying phase, breeders maintained on 20 and 10% less energy (RM) during rearing and production periods, respectively matured late, but produced significantly more eggs with higher persistency than CC. At 68 weeks, maximum fertility and hatchability on total eggs set was recorded in RM sub-group. These results showed complimentary influence of grower and breeder energy restriction on egg and chick production and saved feed substantially in RM sub-group. It appeared that the energy requirement under energy restriction was lesser than that calculated

Effect of Supplemental Manganese on Mineral Uptake by Tissues and Immune Response in Broiler Chickens

Two feeding trials were simultaneously conducted using 240 and 120 broiler chicks (Hubbard) for evaluating the mineral retention by tissues and immune competence, respectively as influenced by manganese (Mn) levels in feed. Mn was added at 0, 100, 400, 800, 1600 or 3200ppm levels to a corn-soya basal diet, using sulphate salt. In both trials, chicks were uniformly distributed into 6 experimental groups and housed in stainless steel battery brooders. From 8-28 days of age, each experimental diet was fed ad libitum to one test group. Results indicated that Mn supplementation from 0-800ppm did not influence body weight gain or feed consumption, but a significant depression in both parameters was noticed at 1600 and 3200ppm levels. The feed conversion efficiency was however, not affected by dietary Mn levels. Excess (1600ppm and above) or non - supplementation of Mn increased leg abnormality scores. Mn levels above 400ppm significantly decreased Ca, P and Zn retention in tibia, which was related to higher leg scores. A linear increase of Mn content in bone, kidney, liver and pancreas was noticed with the increase of Mn in feed. The antibody titers against inoculation of sheep red blood cells or cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity to phytohaemagglutinin-P were not influenced by the dietary increases of Mn up to 800 or 1600ppm levels, respectively. Both responses were negatively affected by increased Mn levels in feed. Heterophil to lymphocyte ratios, the indicators of stress were not altered by Mn supplementation up to 800ppm, but higher levels produced wider ratios. In conclusion, supplementation of Mn at 100ppm level was essential for leg health, better retention of Ca, P and Zn in bone besides optimum immune response. Mn supplementation at 100ppm level was as efficient as higher levels (upto 800ppm). Higher levels of Mn (1600ppm and above) had negative effect on all parameters studied in broilers up to 28 days of age